Students use a tension-compression machine (or an alternative bone-breaking setup) to see how different bones fracture differently and with different amounts of force, depending on their body locations. Teams determine bone mass and volume, calculate bone density, and predict fracture force. Then they each test a small animal bone (chicken, turkey, cat) to failure, examining the break to analyze the fracture type. Groups conduct research about biomedical challenges, materials and repair methods, and design repair treatment plans specific to their bones and fracture types, presenting their design recommendations to the class.

In their reading from activity 1 of this unit, students should have discovered the term "logarithm." It is at this point that they begin their study of logarithms. Specifically, students examine the definition, history and relationship to exponents; they rewrite exponents as logarithms and vice versa, evaluating expressions, solving for a missing piece. Students then study the properties of logarithms (multiplication/addition, division/subtraction, exponents). They complete a set of practice problems to apply the skills they have learned (rewriting logarithms and exponents, evaluating expressions, solving/examining equations for a missing variable.) Then they complete a short quiz covering what they have studied thus far concerning logarithms (problems similar to the practice problems). They consider how what they have learned moves them closer to answering the unit's challenge question.

Students learn about the role engineers and engineering play in repairing severe bone fractures. They acquire knowledge about the design and development of implant rods, pins, plates, screws and bone grafts. They learn about materials science, biocompatibility and minimally-invasive surgery.

Students revisit the mathematics required to find bone mineral density, to which they were introduced in lesson 2 of this unit. They learn the equation to find intensity, Beer's law, and how to use it. Then they complete a sheet of practice problems that use the equation.

Students examine an image produced by a cabinet x-ray system to determine if it is a quality bone mineral density image. They write in their journals about what they need to know to be able to make this judgment. Students learn about what bone mineral density is, how a BMD image can be obtained, and how it is related to the x-ray field. Students examine the process used to obtain a BMD image and how this process is related to mathematics, primarily through logarithmic functions. They study the relationship between logarithms and exponents, the properties of logarithms, common and natural logarithms, solving exponential equations and Beer's law.

In this optics activity, learners examine how polarized light can reveal stress patterns in clear plastic. Learners place a fork between two pieces of polarizing material and induce stress by squeezing the tines together. Learners will observe the colored stress pattern in the image of the plastic that is projected onto a screen using an overhead projector. Learners rotate one of the polarizing filters to explore which orientations give the most dramatic color effects. This activity can be related to bones, as bones develop stress patterns from the loads imposed upon them every day.

Students investigate the bone structure of a turkey femur and then create their own prototype versions as if they are biomedical engineers designing bone transplants for a bird. The challenge is to mimic the size, shape, structure, mass and density of the real bone. Students begin by watching a TED Talk about printing a human kidney and reading a news article about 3D printing a replacement bone for an eagle. Then teams gather data—using calipers to get the exact turkey femur measurements—and determine the bone’s mass and density. They make to-scale sketches of the bone and then use modeling clay, plastic drinking straws and pipe cleaners to create 3D prototypes of the bone. Next, groups each cut and measure a turkey femur cross-section, which they draw in CAD software and then print on a 3D printer. Students reflect on the design/build process and the challenges encountered when making realistic bone replacements. A pre/post-quiz, worksheet and rubric are included. If no 3D printer, shorten the activity by just making the hand-generated replicate bones.

After learning, comparing and contrasting the steps of the engineering design process (EDP) and scientific method, students review the human skeletal system, including the major bones, bone types, bone functions and bone tissues, as well as other details about bone composition. Students then pair-read an article about bones and bone growth and compile their notes to summarize the article. Finally, students complete a homework assignment to review the major bones in the human body, preparing them for the associated activities in which they create and test prototype replacement bones with appropriate densities. Two PowerPoint(TM) presentations, pre-/post-test, handout and worksheet are provided.

One way we can prove that we are calculating the actual touching point.

Doo Wop's musical and social roots point to a long history of vocal harmony in American culture, particularly in African-American communities. Social singing provided entertainment in barbershops, bars, schools, churches, theaters, and other communal spaces. Some of the musical precedents students will consider in this lesson include the barbershop quartets that flourished from the 1890s through World War I; the Pop vocal groups such as the Mills Brothers that topped the charts in the 1920s, 30s, and 40s; and the Gospel singers who made harmonizing a spiritual practice throughout the early twentieth century.

In this lesson, students begin by examining the ways their sense of identity might be affected by social pressures associated with different spaces. By watching clips from RUMBLE, students then discover how musicians Robbie Robertson, Stevie Salas, and Taboo have negotiated their Native identities, and compare these musician's journeys with those of earlier Native Americans.

In this lesson, students listen to Flint-based rapper Jon Connor's song "Fresh Water for Flint" to better understand the sense of frustration and injustice people living in the city felt during the water crisis. Students then experiment with creating their own water filtration system to better understand the scientific and engineering principles behind water treatment. Lastly, they consider the biological effects of lead poisoning and determine specific, political, economic, and scientific causes behind the Flint water crisis.

Why Should Americans Study World Politics?

1. It can kill you.
2. It costs you money.
3. It affects your job.
4. It affects your shopping.
5. It affects your health.
6. The world is becoming more and more globalized, more and more quickly.

Whether we like it or not, world politics affects us greatly. So it is a good idea for us to know what is going on out there.

Introduction to Health OER Textbooks

TABLE OF CONTENTS
About this Book
1: Introduction to Health and Wellness
1.1: Dimensions of Wellness
1.2: Healthy People 2020
1.3: Major Health Concerns
1.4: Risk Factors and Levels of Disease Prevention
1.5: Behavior Change and Goal Setting
2: Exercise and Physical Activity
2.1: Health Benefits of Physical Activity
2.2: Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults
2.3: Developing a Personal Exercise Program
3: Nutrition
3.1: Nutrition Basics
3.2: Dietary Guidelines for Americans
3.3: Disease Risk and Nutrition
3.4: Nutrition Facts Label
3.5: Organic Foods
4: Weight Management
4.1: Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity
4.2: Balancing Calories
4.3: Measuring Obesity
4.4: Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity
5: Stress Management
5.1: Stress Overview
5.2: Yerkes-Dodson Law
5.3: The Stress Response
5.4: Health Effects of Stress
5.5: Managing Stress
6: Emotional and Mental Health
6.1: Mental Health Overview
6.2: Psychological Constructs
6.3: Anxiety Disorders
6.4: Depression
6.5: Suicide Prevention
6.6: Eating Disorders
2
7: Alcohol and Tobacco
7.1: Alcohol Facts
7.2: Health Effects of Alcohol Abuse
7.3: Rethinking Drinking
7.4: Tobacco Use
7.5: Quitting Smoking
8: Drugs and Addiction
8.1: Understanding Drug Use and Addiction
8.2: Health Effects of Drug Abuse
8.3: Consequences of Drug Abuse
8.4: Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction
8.5: Synthetic Drugs
9: Unintentional Injuries and Violence
9.1: Unintentional Injuries
9.2: Intentional Injuries- Violence
9.3: Intimate Partner Violence
10: Relationships, Sexuality, and Contraception
10.1: Healthy Relationships
10.2: Love and Attraction Theory
10.3: Effective Communication
10.4: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
10.5: LGBT Health
10.6: Contraception
11: Immune System, Infectious Diseases, and STD’s/STI’s
11.1: The Immune System
11.2: STD’s/STI’s
12: Cardiovascular Disease
12.1: The Cardiovascular System
12.2: Cardiovascular Diseases
12.3: Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
13: Cancer
13.1: Cancer Overview
13.2: Types of Cancer
13.3: Risk Factors for Cancer
13.4: Cancer Prevention
14: Environmental Wellness- A Healthy Planet
14.1: The Importance of a Healthy Planet
14.2: The Impact of the Environment on Public Health
14.3: Creating a Healthier Planet

Each student selects a popular science book on a geoscience topic of interest to them, finds two book reviews of that book, and writes a book review that includes some description of the book as well as some commentary and review. Each student also gives a short (three-four minute) oral presentation of their review to their classmates (either stand-alone or with one Powerpoint slide).

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Jessica introduces the idea of "booleans", values that can either be true or false.

Student teams design their own booms (bridges) and engage in a friendly competition with other teams to test their designs. Each team strives to design a boom that is light, can hold a certain amount of weight, and is affordable to build. Teams are also assessed on how close their design estimations are to the final weight and cost of their boom "construction." This activity teaches students how to simplify the math behind the risk and estimation process that takes place at every engineering firm prior to the bidding phase when an engineering firm calculates how much money it will take to build the project and then "bids" against other competitors.

A boomburb is a new urban phenomena that has emerged in the last 20 years along with the growth of the Sunbelt and its suburban-dominated forms of urbanization. Boomburbs are rapidly growing suburban cities and represent a new metropolitan form; even as boomburbs grow, they remain essentially suburban in character. Nearly 9 million Americans live in boomburbs. In this activity students examine data to define "boomburb," observe the location of several boomburbs to make generalizations about their location and relationship with larger urbanized areas, and finally look at the services and urban functions provided in boomburbs along with problems and issues associated with these urban phenomena.

This collection uses primary sources to explore twentieth-century mining in the Mojave Desert. Digital Public Library of America Primary Source Sets are designed to help students develop their critical thinking skills and draw diverse material from libraries, archives, and museums across the United States. Each set includes an overview, ten to fifteen primary sources, links to related resources, and a teaching guide. These sets were created and reviewed by the teachers on the DPLA's Education Advisory Committee.